Medieval History
The meeting with Jim the geologist and Dan the chemist was terrific. This vivid (look at the breath of God!) alabaster Annunciation from the Philadelphia Museum of Art will help here. What is this profound thrill of newly gained knowledge? What is this fascination with things scientific? There are vague stirrings of a love felt in high school, but it sadly was not pursued. Now, every piece of scientific information is hopelessly (but wondrously) aestheticized. SEM images of alabaster? Breathtaking in their intricacies in revealing the structures of the (many) minerals involved in alabaster. Specularity, heat capacity, hardness scale - all of these frameworks make alabaster more alive, more giving, more fascinating every minute. Key words as I keep thinking about this: porosity, permeability and calcium. Alabaster is a 2 on the hardness scale (where talc is a 1 and a diamond is a 10), and in that number lies its malleability. Alabaster is truly an open stone: it registers a 2 on this hardness scale because it is porous and permeable. Some stones are just porous (lots of open spaces within its structure). Alabaster is also permeable (the connections between the open spaces allow other elements (for us, pigment, gold gilding) to flow through. The pleasure of this paper will be to struggle to find the language that binds scientific insight with historical action. Medieval sculptors of alabaster didn't think in terms of porosity and permeability- what were their terms? I may or may not be thinking of only language here - there is trial and error in seeking a stone that "gives in to" or "works with" (what words will I choose) the human touch. I will be inspired by Jeffrey Cohen and Valerie Allen who invited touch by giving small stones as hand-outs in conference talks, and who first inspired the possibility of thinking of the liveliness of stones. Another part of the joy here will be to witness the transference of these ideas from medieval literature to medieval art. Every object in the world has heat capacity: how long it takes from heat energy to transfer from one thing (the flesh of the human hand) to another (stone). Alabaster's is rapid. It responds, acknowledges human touch, welcomes (?) human intervention, avails itself to complex minerals like vermilion, takes in absolutes like gold. At some point, in some way, medieval sculptors figured this out, and their patrons loved it. In those years between roughly 1300 and 1550, patrons relished the fleshy, emotive materiality of alabaster: there is an argument to be made for an emotional iconography driven by alabaster's materiality: the 97 heads of John the Baptist that remain bespeak (all too vividly) the theatricality of the stone: the blood of the saint is limpid and his flesh warm to the eye. The Duke of Burgundy's alabaster mourners are treasured for what are surely their hot tears. The fullness of the lilies stirred by the golden breath of God in the image above is met in the promise of the Virgin's open hands, in the swags of drapery around her ready belly. And Gabriel's stunning peacock wings, their vibrant red still embraced by the complex chemical structure of the alabaster after all this time, seem to have just folded.
And then calcium, and its revelation, I'm persuaded, of a medieval knowledge of materials and what they can give. Alabaster, a.k.a gypsum, is a combination of calcium, sulfur, oxygen, and water: thus the beautiful hieroglyph: CaSO42H2 (dang, can't do subscripts here, that's where you'd put the numbers). Lots of calcium there. What I need to ask my colleagues is whether or not calcium is "responsible" in some way for the porosity. For guess where else calcium shows up in huge amounts? Ivory. Calcium phosphate to some. Favorite medieval carving material to others. Hardness level? 2. This calcium commonality may be a bigger whoop for us moderns, because it likens two separate disciplines - we realized we needed a vertebrate biologist at the table when ivory emerged. A medieval sculptor existing within no such disciplinary divides could desire both equally for their give to touch, pigment, and gold. I'll confess that it's the presence of calcium in the human body, too, that thrills me here. A chemical commonality that reformulates these works of art as material extensions of the human. Or human participation in their materiality. Scientific facts, medieval practices, modern desires - let's see how this goes.
- Come Up To The Table
BN ms.fr. 2810, fol. 136vLast day of "Monsters and Marvels" activity (great presentations on the collaborative writing of Monsterfestos done through Facebook and GoogleDocs) - and so a celebration with a medieval menu based on the class: for Beowulf:...
- Good Lord
Ye Olde Dorm RoomThe rooms are as spartan (uh, medieval) as ever, the geese are still here (terrifying), and I've already heard one scholar opining vigorously about Byzantine porridge. Ah, it's Kalamazoo. 3000 medievalists on the Western...
- What Do Rocks Want?
This little spot in the college's library was my haven for several hours over the past two week-ends, my place to think about stone becoming statue which, really, is what I'd like to be thinking about all the time. I get to go back one last time...
- Capture Of King Edmund
The Capture of Saint Edmund, 1470-1500. This alabaster sculpture is part of the Victoria and Albert collection. Edmund was a Christian King of the East Angles in the ninth century. The scene is divided between the dramatic capture of Edmund by the wicked...
- Nottingham Alabaster Altarpieces
Drayton, Berkshire, originally uploaded by Vitrearum. In the late Middle Ages the fashionable material for altarpieces in England was alabaster, a type of gypsum, which could be found in limited quantity in parts of south Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire...
Medieval History
Everything and More
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| Annunciation, 1400s. |
And then calcium, and its revelation, I'm persuaded, of a medieval knowledge of materials and what they can give. Alabaster, a.k.a gypsum, is a combination of calcium, sulfur, oxygen, and water: thus the beautiful hieroglyph: CaSO42H2 (dang, can't do subscripts here, that's where you'd put the numbers). Lots of calcium there. What I need to ask my colleagues is whether or not calcium is "responsible" in some way for the porosity. For guess where else calcium shows up in huge amounts? Ivory. Calcium phosphate to some. Favorite medieval carving material to others. Hardness level? 2. This calcium commonality may be a bigger whoop for us moderns, because it likens two separate disciplines - we realized we needed a vertebrate biologist at the table when ivory emerged. A medieval sculptor existing within no such disciplinary divides could desire both equally for their give to touch, pigment, and gold. I'll confess that it's the presence of calcium in the human body, too, that thrills me here. A chemical commonality that reformulates these works of art as material extensions of the human. Or human participation in their materiality. Scientific facts, medieval practices, modern desires - let's see how this goes.
- Come Up To The Table
BN ms.fr. 2810, fol. 136vLast day of "Monsters and Marvels" activity (great presentations on the collaborative writing of Monsterfestos done through Facebook and GoogleDocs) - and so a celebration with a medieval menu based on the class: for Beowulf:...
- Good Lord
Ye Olde Dorm RoomThe rooms are as spartan (uh, medieval) as ever, the geese are still here (terrifying), and I've already heard one scholar opining vigorously about Byzantine porridge. Ah, it's Kalamazoo. 3000 medievalists on the Western...
- What Do Rocks Want?
This little spot in the college's library was my haven for several hours over the past two week-ends, my place to think about stone becoming statue which, really, is what I'd like to be thinking about all the time. I get to go back one last time...
- Capture Of King Edmund
The Capture of Saint Edmund, 1470-1500. This alabaster sculpture is part of the Victoria and Albert collection. Edmund was a Christian King of the East Angles in the ninth century. The scene is divided between the dramatic capture of Edmund by the wicked...
- Nottingham Alabaster Altarpieces
Drayton, Berkshire, originally uploaded by Vitrearum. In the late Middle Ages the fashionable material for altarpieces in England was alabaster, a type of gypsum, which could be found in limited quantity in parts of south Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire...